Creatine: 17-20g for Loading is Bogus, 5-7g May be More Than Necessary to Maintain, Study in Gymrats Suggests

Yes, this study suggests that my previous statement that 3g of creatine per day are probably enough.... still direct comparisons of diff. doses are warranted.

You may remember that I wrote about the uselessness and possible negative effects of creatine loading on your body composition in October 2015. In the respective study, the scientists did yet not measure if there wasn't still a benefit in terms of increased skeletal muscle creatine and / or whether the creatine was excreted in the urine as creatine monohydrate (OK) or creatinine (not so good).

In a new study from the Baylor University, Andre, et al. did just that: They tested the effects of five weeks of resistance training in conjunction with a typical relative Cr dosing protocol followed by four weeks of resistance training after ceasing Cr supplementation on: 1) body composition and muscle strength, 2) whole-body Cr metabolism.
The scientists recruited nineteen apparently healthy, resistance-trained [regular, consistent resistance training (i.e., thrice weekly) for at least one year prior to the study], males between the ages of 18-23 completed the study. Participants were required to perform a leg press 1-RM of at least 2.5 times their body weight followed by at least 10 repetitions at 70% of their 1-RM during a familiarization session to be considered trained to participate (Coburn and Malek, 2012). Afterwards, the subjects were randomly assigned to groups using a random number generator. Supplementation involved orally ingesting packets containing

• powdered dextrose placebo [PL (AST Sports Science; Golden, CO, USA)] or 
• Cr monohydrate [CR (AST Sports Science; Golden, CO, USA)]. 

After baseline testing procedures and lean body mass determination via DEXA, participants in the CR and PL group ingested their respective supplement at a relative daily dose of 0.3 g/kg lean body mass (17-20 g/day) for one week in the loading phase and immediately following the loading phase, a relative daily dose of 0.075 g/kg lean body mass (5-7 g/day), during the four-week maintenance phase. All groups ceased supplementation on Day 36 following the four-week maintenance phase, which was then followed by a four-week washout phase without supplementation.

Table 1: Overview of the training program the subjects followed (Andre. 2016).

"Participants performed four one-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests on the angled leg press sled (Nebula, Columbus, OH, USA) at Day 0, 8, 36, 64. Participants warmed-up by completing two sets of 8-10 repetitions at approximately 50% of the estimated 1-RM, with two minutes rest in between all sets. Participants completed three to five repetitions at approximately 75% of the estimated 1-RM. The weight was increased conservatively, and the participant attempted to lift the weight for one repetition. If successful, the participant rested for two minutes before attempting the next weight increment. This was continued until the participant failed to complete the lift (Schwarz. 2015). For the 70% 1-RM evaluation during the familiarization session, participants were allowed to rest five minutes following the determination of their 1-RM" (Andre. 2016).

Participants followed a periodized 4-day/week resistance-training program split into two upper-body and two lower body workouts/week, for nine weeks (Table 1). As the authors further point out, the subjects performed "three sets of 10 repetitions with as much weight as they could lift per set (~70 – 80% of 1RM). If they could lift fewer than 10 repetitions, they were instructed to reduce the weight, and if they could lift more than 10 repetitions at a given weight, they were instructed to increase the weight" (Andre. 2016). The subjects were also instructed to rest "no longer than three minutes between exercises and no longer than two minutes between sets" (Andre. 2016); verbal confirmation of how to properly perform each exercise was given only during the familiarization session, though - still, resistance training compliance for CR and PL were 95.23 ±9.36 % and 93.74 ±8.82 %.

Figure 1: Relative changes (difference to day 1) in lean mass and leg press strength  (Andre. 2016)

That's topped only by the adherence to the supplementation protocol, which was 96.21 ±4.87 % and 94.69 ±3.98 % for CR and PL, respectively. Other relevant results not related to the creatine excretion / storage were:

• a group x time interaction for increases in total body mass Day 1 and 64 (p = 0.03) and exclusive lean mass at Day 1 and 64 (p = 0.01) favoring, as expected, the creatine group,
• significant leg strength increases in both groups without inter-group differences, even though the absolute strength gains on the leg press were almost 6kg higher (31.16 ± 26.90 vs. 25.68 ± 17.77 kg) for the creatine group,
• no significant effects on body water (in neither of the groups, by the way)
• no significant differences in food intake and / or the macronutrient composition of the diet, of which you will probably be intrigued to hear that it was between 1.1 and 1.3 g/kg, only

While selected rel. differences of the former, auxiliary findings are illustrated in Figure 1, Figure 2 is about selected aspects of the main research interest of Andre: the increases in muscle creatine and serum creatine. What I did not plot was the amount of creatine and creatinine the subjects pissed out.

Figure 2: Levels of muscle and serum creatine in the subjects over the course of the study (Andre. 2016).

The urinary creatine levels increased over 1000-fold from baseline levels (250 to 25000 µM in the first week) upon loading, and remained similarly elevated (4500 to 8200 from day 15-36) after one week of supplementation (Figure 2). As a result, a significant increase in urinary Cr was observed; however, there was no significant increase in creatinine, which is a good thing, because this is the agent that's supposed to be harsh on the kidneys. As the scientists point out...

"[t]hese findings are consistent with previous studies showing increases in urinary Cr but not in urinary Crn (Powers et al., 2003; Syrotuik and Bell, 2004). This suggests the supplementation dose of Cr was higher than the functional capacity to be metabolized, and was wasted via urinary excretion. Despite the supplementation dose based on lean mass measures to attempt to reduce this occurrence, considerable amounts of Cr were still essentially wasted" (Andre. 2016).

The increases in serum Cr concentrations, which were significant after three and seven days of Cr supplementation, and at the end of the maintenance phase, are likewise no and the lack of increase of serum creatinine good news. As the scientists point out, the increases in serum and urinary creatine in combination with the intramuscular total Cr data allow us to postulate that "the exogenous Cr supplementation apparently saturated intramuscular Cr stores given the high levels of serum and urinary Cr" (Andre. 2016).
References:

• Andre, Thomas L., et al. "Effects of Five Weeks of Resistance Training and Relatively-Dosed Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength, and Whole-Body Creatine Metabolism in Resistance-Trained Males." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 4.2 (2016): 27-35.
• Lemon, Peter WR. "Dietary creatine supplementation and exercise performance: why inconsistent results?." Canadian journal of applied physiology 27.6 (2002): 663-680.
• Powers, Michael E., et al. "Creatine supplementation increases total body water without altering fluid distribution." Journal of athletic training 38.1 (2003): 44.
• Schwarz, Neil A., et al. "Acute Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform mRNA Expression in Response to Two Resistance Exercise Intensities With Equal Volume Load in Resistance-Trained Men." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 29.8 (2015): 2326-2332. 
• Syrotuik, Daniel G., and Gordon J. Bell. "Acute Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation: Adescriptive Physiological Profile of Responders Vs. Nonresponders." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 18.3 (2004): 610-617.