Starting to Have Breakfast is Worst New Year's Resolution ... Unless You Want to Gain Weight (80% Fat, 20% Lean Mass)

Unless your breakfast looks like this, the study does not mean that you can no longer have breakfast.

If you're following the SuppVersity news, you may remember a post from Wednesday in which I outlined that it is no wonder people fail to lose the weight they intend to, because they try to achieve this weight loss by having soup or, you guessed it, finally doing what the mainstream nutrition experts' cookie-cutter approaches suggest and.. have breakfast, every day. What actually happens to those who fall for the epidemiological bullsh*t science that's trying to extrapolate causal relationships from observational (often unreliable) data has now been demonstrated by a group of US scientists. Believe it or not, Gabrielle Marie LeCheminant et al. are the first researchers to actually experimentally investigated how starting to have breakfast voluntarily will affect your energy intake and weight trajectory.
What? No, the other studies you may have read did not focus on the aforementioned group of people who believe they were doing themselves a favor if they started having breakfast regularly.

That's people like the forty-nine female nonhabitual breakfast-eaters who were randomized to one of two conditions: breakfast or no breakfast for 4 weeks.

• breakfast eaters ate at least 15% of their daily energy requirement before 8:30 a.m
• non-breakfast eaters did not consume any energy until after 11:30 a.m. 

Weight and body fat were assessed at baseline and after four weeks of intervention. Body fat was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Participants completed seven 24-hour recalls to assess dietary intake during the intervention. Physical activity was measured by accelerometry for 32 consecutive days.

Figure 1: Participant flow diagram (LeCheminant. 2017).

As you, as a SuppVersity reader, know the addition of breakfast did not magically resolve any of the medically irrelevant weight problems of the normal-weight pre-menopausal female subjects. On the opposite: On average, the participants randomized to eat breakfast consumed 266 ± 496 (F = 12.81; P < 0.01) more calories per day over the course of the study and weighed 0.7 ± 0.8 kg (F = 7.81; p < 0.01) more at the end of the intervention than their "intermittently fasting" peers.

Figure 1: Rel. change (% baseline) in energy and macronutrient intake during the study (LeCheminant. 2017).

How come? Well, as you probably also expected, there was no caloric compensation in form of reduced energy intake on subsequent meals. So let's recap:

• Table 1:  Click to see energy intake for each condition by time of day. (LeCheminant. 2017).

  significantly increased energy intake and significant weight gain of which 83% are body fat,
• a significantly increased intake of carbohydrates (with people gravitating to cornflakes & co. much sugar),
• no change in self-reported hunger or satiety, and
• no increase in physical activity and/or decrease in sedentary time that would help compensate the increased energy intake due to having breakfast (see Table 1),
• a practically irrelevant subjective increase in energy before the lunch-break

So, practically speaking: Everything people who criticize the notion that "everyone should have breakfast" argue against this overgeneralizing bogus advice happened; and that's in total opposition to the alleged benefits the mainstream promotes, of which none was observed.
References:

• LeCheminant, et al. "A randomized controlled trial to study the effects of breakfast on energy intake, physical activity, and body fat in women who are nonhabitual breakfast eaters." Appetite - Available online 4 January 2017, in press, accepted manuscript