26% Body Fat, Zero Lean Mass Loss W/ HIIT + 3x500mg Green Tea Supp in 10Wks | Can the EGCG Damage Your Liver?

Lean, not skinny: In the long run HIIT + GTE could take you there, but there's one caveat... at least w/ the green tea.

The social networks are full of women complaining that they are not losing fat. If you ask them what they have tried to ignite body fat loss, the answer usually is: reduced energy, fat/carb intakes and, if any sport at all, endless cardio sessions... now, while studies show that this approach to fat loss works, it's (a) mostly the caloric deficit that determines the loss of body weight and (b) is often accompanied by significant lean mass losses.

An attractive alternative would be (i) not having to diet, (ii) not having to do endless cardio sessions and (iii) having a fat loss supplement that actually works.
Well, guess what, Afzalpour et al. have an ahead-of-print paper they tagged with the keywords "HIIT;
Catechins; SRIT1; PGC-1 "(Afzalpour. 2017) that appears to suggest that this 'attractive alternative' does actually exist - at least for those women who have the most body fat to complain about for whom the scientists speculated that it could be the combination of "green tea consumption along with HIIT training" that "would improve body composition in overweight individuals and would show significantly greater improvements compared green tea consumption or HIIT training alone" (Afzalpour. 2017) - without dieting (or I should say: without prescribed dieting, the scientists did not access the women's food intake over the 10-week period; there was just a baseline reading)!

Table: Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects in the three groups (Afzalpou. 2017); note: there were no significant baseline differences in body composition and fitness between the three groups of young women.

To assess the validity of this hypothesis, the researchers from the University of Birnjad, in Iran, recruited thirty overweight young women (21.07 ± 1.2 years, BMI: 27.5 ± 1.3 kg/m²2 and body fat percentage: 34.1 ± 1.5%) and randomly assigned them to 3 groups (cf. Table 1):

• HIIT plus 1.5g/day green tea in 3x500mg servings with meals (HIIT+G),
• HIIT plus placebo (HIIT), and
• no training and supplementation control group (CON).

Said HIIT training program included 3 sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performed per week for 10 weeks with the intensity of 85—95% HR max. More specifically, ...

Figure 1: Overview of the HIIT parcours and the periodization scheme (Afzalpour. 2017).

"[t]he protocol of HIIT required the participants to finish a determined path (20 meters) with their maximum speed within 30 seconds. The starting point of the test was exactly in the middle of the obstacles, i.e., 10 meters from each obstacle. 

The training included running from the middle line to the first obstacle and then returning a 20-meter path to the second obstacle. After each run, there was an active rest for 30 seconds (Figure 1). 

In the first and second weeks, the training was performed with 4 repeats, in the third and fourth weeks with 5 repeats, in the fifth and sixth weeks with 6 repeats, in the seventh and eight weeks with 7 repeats, and in the ninth and tenth weeks with 8 repeats (Figure 1). In each session before the training protocol, the participants had [to] warm up for 5—10 minutes, and they cooled down for 5—10 minutes at the end of each session." (Afzalpour. 2017).

The intensity of training within the activity was controlled by measuring the heart rate during
the activity by pulse meter and using maximum heart rate formula (220-age). Besides, the Borg scale (6—20) was used to ensure greater control over the intensity of training.
An intensity that yielded impressive effects, not only, but especially in terms of the subjects' body at loss that was not unreliably assessed with BIA, but - assuming the authors of the study knew what they did - with body fat calipers (I calculated the more meaningful absolute body fat and lean mass values based on the body fat % from the study). A 26% body fat loss and a 7% improvement in body fat percentage - without dieting - that's quite huge... isn't it?

Figure 2: Total changes (kg) in body fat and total lean mass and corresponding relative changes (in %) above the bars.

Yes, it is, but the way these beneficial effects on the women's body composition relates to their SIRT-1 and PGC-1alpha level is a putative one. Yes, the levels increased significantly in both the HIIT and the HIIT+G group, but the study design does not allow for statements about a causal link between the two: body fat and SIRT-1 and PGC-1a expression. In the end, I guess most women will say that it doesn't really matter, the fact that the PGC-1A expression was another 31% higher in the green tea group (HIIT+G) and went hand in hand with an exclusively significant increase in VO2-max (for the other treatments, the changes were non-significant) would yet argue in favor of an independent or interactive effect of green tea on the expression of these regulatory proteins that could have triggered the additional benefits.

Figure 3: Relative changes in SIRT1, PGC-1A activity and physical fitness as measured by the women's VO2-max.

What does matter, however, is the potential hepatoxicity (see red box), especially green tea products with a high EGCG content appear to have for some, but not all individuals. Against that background it is very unfortunate that (a) the product in the study at hand was either not standardized or the standardization was not reported, and that (b) any effect would have gone unobserved, in the study at hand, simply because no relevant parameters were measured... reason enough to re-address the issue in (a) the red box (general discussion) and the bottom line (weight loss adjuvant specific discussion).
References:

• Afzalpour, M. E., E. Ghasemi, and A. Zarban. "Effects of 10 weeks of high intensity interval training and green tea supplementation on serum levels of Sirtuin-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha in overweight women." Science & Sports (2017).
• Galati, Giuseppe, et al. "Cellular and in vivo hepatotoxicity caused by green tea phenolic acids and catechins." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 40.4 (2006): 570-580.
• James, Karma. Effect of dietary pretreatment and obesity on (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) mediated hepatotoxicity and the underlying mechanism. Diss. The Pennsylvania State University, 2016.
• Mazzanti, Gabriela, et al. "Hepatotoxicity from green tea: a review of the literature and two unpublished cases." European journal of clinical pharmacology 65.4 (2009): 331-341.
• Molinari, Michele, et al. "Acute liver failure induced by green tea extracts: case report and review of the literature." Liver transplantation 12.12 (2006): 1892-1895.
• Ni, Chen-Xu, et al. "Green Tea Consumption and the Risk of Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis." Nutrition and Cancer (2017): 1-10.