Body Fat Spot Reduction Works? Liberating Fat W/ Weight, Burning it With Cardio Training is the Key, Study Claims

Spot reduction has hitherto been considered a myth, a new 12-week study from Italy suggests otherwise.

"The present data suggest that a training programme entailing localized explosive resistance exercise, prior to an endurance exercise bout, may target specifc adipose tissue sites eliciting localised fat mass loss in the upper and lower limbs," (di Palumbo 2017) that's the conclusion of a recent study by di Palumbo et al.

The researchers from the University of Rome base this assessment on observations in sixteen physically inactive women (age: 31±4; BMI: 27.5±2.1), who were randomly allocated to two groups that completed differently designed 12-week training programs.
All training sessions were performed under the supervision of an exercise specialist. Subjects completed a resistance circuit training consisting of 5 exercises on the following isotonic machines (Technogym, Gambettola, Italy):

• chest press, low row, arm curl, deltoids machine, triceps machine for the UpBdResist;
• gluteus machine, seated leg curl, ab- & adductor machine, leg extension for LwBdResist

For each exercise, 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% 1RM were performed requiring the subjects to provide the maximal contraction velocity, with a 30 seconds inter-set recovery, in an effort to induce the maximal power output for any specific movement 16 and to increase the metabolic stress. At the completion of the circuit, the same sequence was repeated for a second time.

Figure 1: Overview of the two workout combinations that were compared.

Immediately after the upper and lower body workouts, the subjects did 30-minute of steady-state low-intensity cardio at 50% of their individual pre-determined VO2max, either on a cycle ergometer (UpBdResist group) or on an arm-ergometer (LwBdResist group).

Figure 2: Significant differences were observed with DXA only for the upper limb fat and lean and the lower limb fat mass; figure shows relative changes in (kg) over the course of the 8-week study (di Palumbo 2017).

If we take a look only at the scientists' DXA-based regional body composition analyses in Figure 2, however, it doesn't really look as if there was a spot reduction effect. Rather than that, it appears as if lower body resistance training + upper body cardio simply burned more body fat than upper body RT + lower body cardio.

Figure 3: Changes in upper body and lower body fat indicated by skinfold measurements (di Palumbo 2017).

The skinfold data in Figure 3, on the other hand, suggests that the scientists' claim is not totally unwarranted. After all, the skinfolds declined more for those body parts that were trained in the respective workouts. Unfortunately, skinfolds measurements can be deceiving and are, compared to DXA data, depreciated as means of acquiring "detailed information about body composition" (Kitano 2017) - in that, the results of the di Palumbo study are in line with a 2007 study which found sign. reductions in skinfold thickness of the in subcutaneous fat adjecent to trained muscles. Unlike the authors of the the study at hand, Kostek, et al. (2007) have yet been able to check their skinfold measurements with MRI data and found "a generalized subcutaneous fat loss independent of whether they looked at the trained or the untrained arm in their 12-week resistance training itervention - for them, that was reason enough to conclude that "spot reduction does not occur as a result of resistance training" - it's possible that di Palumbo et al. would have come to the same conclusion if they'd had MRI scans of their subjects legs and arms, but who knows.
References:

• Kitano, Takao, et al. "Evaluation of body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance analysis in Japanese female college students." Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 47.2 (2001): 122-125.
• Kostek, Matthew A., et al. "Subcutaneous fat alterations resulting from an upper-body resistance training program." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 39.7 (2007): 1177.
• Powers, Scott K., Ralph E. Beadle, and Michael Mangum. "Exercise efficiency during arm ergometry: effects of speed and work rate." Journal of Applied Physiology 56.2 (1984): 495-499.
• Scotto, di Palumbo A., et al. "Effect of combined resistance and endurance exercise training on regional fat loss." The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 57.6 (2017): 794.
• Stallknecht, Bente, Flemming Dela, and Jørn Wulff Helge. "Are blood flow and lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue influenced by contractions in adjacent muscles in humans?." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292.2 (2007): E394-E399.