High Protein Breakfast Lowers Weight (8%), Waistline (4%) + HbA1c (12%) in T2DM - Especially if the Protein is Whey

Protein Pudding Cups like those suggested on shape.com may be part of a T2DM therapeutic high protein breakfast.

It's no news that a high protein breakfast will keep you satiated for longer time periods than a sugary cereal. There's also existing evidence that whey proteins are an excellent choice for people with type II diabetes as their effects on GIP, GLP1, and insulin help reduce postprandial glucose levels in T2DM. Against that background. it is quite surprising that no previous study did what researchers from the Tel Aviv University, the Central University, Caracas, the Lund University, the Weizmann Institute of Science, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem did, recently, i.e. "examine[] whether a high-energy, protein breakfast containing whey leads to a greater weight loss and reduction of overall postprandial glycemia and HbA1C compared to isocaloric diet with a different source of protein or carbohydrates at breakfast for 12 weeks in type 2 diabetes subjects" (Jakubowicz 2017).
The scientists based their assumption that whey would be particularly effective in improving glycemia and the long-term glucose gauge HbA1x on several acute studies that have shown that whey protein exerts a greater postprandial glucose-lowering effect compared with other protein sources, such as soy, fish, gluten, eggs, casein, in healthy (Gunnerud 2012; Hall 2003; Nilsson 2004 & 2007; Bowen 2006) and type 2 diabetes individuals (Jakubowicz 2014; Bowen 2006).

Figure 1: Overview of the most important results of the study (Jakubowicz 2017).

For their study, the international team of scientists recruited fifty-six type 2 diabetes participants aged 58.9±4.5 yr., BMI 32.1±0.9 kg/m² and HbA1C 7.8±0.1% (61.6±0.79 mmol/mol) who were randomized to one of 3 isocaloric diets with similar lunch and dinner, but different breakfast:

• high whey protein breakfast (WBdiet | n=19, 8 males, 11 females) contained at breakfast 25% fat, 50% carbohydrates and 25% (42 g) protein of which 28 g are whey concentrate (80%);
• high mixed protein breakfast (PBdiet | n=19, 9 males, 10 females) contained at breakfast 25% fat, 50% carbohydrates, and 25% (42 g) protein mainly from eggs (7 g), tuna (20 g), soy (7 g);
• carbohydrate breakfast (CBdiet | n=18, 9 males, 9 females) contained at breakfast 25% fat, 64% carbohydrates and 11% (17 g) soy protein

As previously hinted at, the three diet interventions had the same meal-timing schedule and energy distribution consisting of high-energy and protein breakfast (660±25 kcal), medium-sized lunch (560±20 kcal) and low-energy dinner (280±15 kcal).

SuppVersity Classic: Whey is More Insulinogenic Than White Bread | Read the whole article, here.

"The composition of lunch in the 3 diets was 29% fat, 48% carbohydrates and 23% protein. The composition of dinner in the 3 diets was 38% fat, 31% carbohydrates and 31% protein. The protein source for lunch and dinner was chicken, meat, fish or turkey. Lunch and dinner did not include dairy foods. The diet plan was calculated for a daily caloric intake of 1500 kcal. However, the daily caloric intake for each participant was obtained by subtracting 500 kcal from the calculated Harris Benedict Equation, in order to achieve progressive weight loss" (Jakubowicz 2017)

The subjects' body weight and HbA1C were examined after 12 weeks. Furthermore, all participants underwent 3 all-day meal challenges for postprandial glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, intact glucagon-like peptide 1 (iGLP-1), ghrelin and hunger and satiety scores.

Figure 2: The beneficial effects on glucose (A) were probably mediated by a significant increase in insulin (B), GLP1 (C) and C-peptide (D) levels, which are all usually too low in type II diabetics (Jakubowicz 2017).

What the scientists found was that there was an overall postprandial AUCglucose in all both high protein groups, albeit with the greatest reduction in of 19% in the WBdiet, and "only" 15% in the PBdiet compared with the high carb breakfast condition in the CBdiet group (P<.0001).

Figure 3: The Increased satiety and decreased hunger with protein and whey will also help T2DM patients stick to their diets - and you know: the best diet is the one you can adhere to (Jakubowicz 2017).

Against that background it is not surprising that, compared with PBdiet and CBdiet, WBdiet led to a greater postprandial overall AUC for insulin, C-peptide, iGLP-1 and satiety scores, while postprandial overall AUC for ghrelin and hunger scores were reduced (P<.0001).

Also, since all diets were 500kcal below the subjects' energy requirements, it's likewise not surprising that after 12 weeks, HbA1C was reduced in all groups -- with WBdiet (0.89±0.05%) > PBdiet (0.6±0.04%) > CBdiet (0.36±0.04%).

A result that is, by the way, reflected in terms of weight loss, as well with the "the participants on WBdiet lost 7.6±0.3 kg, PBdiet 6.1±0.3 kg and CBdiet 3.5±0.3 kg (P<.0001)" (Jacubowicz 2017).
References:

• Bowen, et al. "Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake." J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91 (2006), pp. 2913–2919.
• Gunnerud, et al. "Effects of pre-meal drinks with protein and amino acids on glycemic and metabolic responses at a subsequent composite meal." PLoS One, 7 (2012), Article e44731.
• Hall, et al. "Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion, and appetite." Br J Nutr, 89 (2003), pp. 239–248.
• Jakubowicz, et al. "Incretin, insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of whey protein pre-load in type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial." Diabetologia, 57 (2014), pp. 1807–1811. 
• Jakubowicz, Daniela, et al. "High-energy breakfast based on whey protein reduces body weight, postprandial glycemia and HbA 1C in type 2 diabetes." The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2017).
• Ma, et al. "Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care, 32 (2009), pp. 1600–1602. 
• Nathan, et al. "Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes." Diabetes Care, 32 (2009), pp. 193–203
• Nilsson, et al. "Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins." Am J Clin Nutr, 80 (2004), pp. 1246–1253
• Nilsson et al. "Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks." Am J Clin Nutr, 85 (2007), pp. 996–1004