BCAA Free = Body Fat Free | Do BCAAs Make Us Fat or Are They Elevated when We're Fat? Study Suggests the Former

First fat, then carbs and now protein? Are we ever going to stop pointing fingers at individual macronutrients and acknowledge that it's our caloric excess that's making us fat?

As a SuppVersity reader the notion that the BCAA levels of obese mammals are chronically elevated is no news for you. In fact, I've written about the potential link between BCAAs and obesity repeatedly over past decade and the findings have been astonishingly consistent: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are elevated in the blood of obese, insulin-resistant humans and rodents.

What is not consistent, though, is the interpretation of this observation. In most previous articles I've highlighted that the "BCAA question" is - eventually - yet another of those nasty chicken-or-egg questions, where the accumulation of BCAAs in the blood could be both, a cause or consequence of metabolic disease.
New data from the University of Wisconsin-Madison seems to tip the scales in favor of the former hypothesis: high BCAAs are mechanistically involved in the etiology of obesity. Only recently, Nicole E. Cummings and colleagues demonstrated that specifically reducing dietary levels of BCAAs has beneficial effects on the metabolic health of young, growing mice, improving glucose tolerance and modestly slowing fat mass gain (cf. Fontana 2016).

In a recent follow-up the authors examine the hypothesis that "reducing dietary BCAAs will promote weight loss, reduce adiposity, and improve blood glucose control in diet-induced obese mice with pre-existing metabolic syndrome" - if this hypothesis was to be confirmed, the advice to avoid fat, that has been replaced by the advice to avoid sugar and eat a ton of protein, more recently, may soon make way for a very simple anti-obesity advice:

Avoid those high BCAA-foods if you want to stay lean. 

And in fact, the results Cummings et al. present in their latest paper (read the free FT of Cummings 2017) show that "specifically reducing dietary BCAAs rapidly reverses diet-induced obesity and improves glucoregulatory control in diet-induced obese mice" - on an otherwise obesogenic diet! One that's both high in calories, high in sugar and known to trigger, not prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disease.

Figure 1: Reduing the BCAA (LOW BCAA) and/or total (LOW AA) content turns a western diet (WD) into a weight loss diet... one that doesn't cost you exorbitant amounts of lean mass, by the way, if you do the math, the lean-to-fat-mass ratio of the weight the rodents lost was ~50% for the LOW BCAA and 40% for the low AA group; for the normal protein diet, that's not significantly different from the ratio in the control group (Cummings 2017).

This diet, we usually call it the "Western diet", will, however, facilitate rapid weight and waist/fat loss if its BCAA content is reduced by approximately 80%.
As the scientists point out, it is important to note that "this normalization of weight was mediated not by caloric restriction or increased activity, but by increased energy expenditure, and was accompanied by a transient induction of the energy balance regulating hormone FGF21" (Cummings 2017).

Figure 2: The scientists' analysis of the rodents' energy expenditure suggests a significant increase in daily EE that was independent of increases physical activity and not compensated by increased energy intake (Cummings 2017).

In their experiment, the scientists had examined the effects of switching diet-induced obese mice (a model of regular obesity), to one of several different diets with varying amino acid compositions but an energy density and macronutrient composition typical of rodent chow:

• This ain't the 1st study to link BCCAs/AAs to reduced weight loss.

  one group of mice was maintained on the regular Western Diet (WD), while... 
• three additional groups of mice were fed WD supplemented with or deprived of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) or devoid of all amino acids (6.8% protein; 52% carbs, 41.2% fat; energy density 4.6kcal/g); finally, ...
• a parallel group of mice never exposed to a Western diet (was placed on a control amino acid defined diet (see Table 2 in FT).

Weight and, more importantly, fat loss were yet not the only benefits the scientists observed. Their hairy subjects also saw significant improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance when they were fed the low-BCAA / low AA Western diets... benefits of which you may rightly point out that they could have been a result of the profound reduction in body fat, though.
References:

• Baer, David J., et al. "Whey protein but not soy protein supplementation alters body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese adults." The Journal of nutrition 141.8 (2011): 1489-1494.
• Clifton, Peter M., Jennifer B. Keogh, and Manny Noakes. "Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet." The American journal of clinical nutrition 87.1 (2008): 23-29.
• Cummings, et al. "Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids". The Journal of Physiology (2017). doi: 10.1113/JP275075.
• Fontana, Luigi, et al. "Decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids improves metabolic health." Cell reports 16.2 (2016): 520-530.
• Young, JAMES B., et al. "Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in rats fed a low-protein diet." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 248.5 (1985): R627-R637.
• Piatti, P. M., et al. "Hypocaloric high-protein diet improves glucose oxidation and spares lean body mass: comparison to hypocaloric high-carbohydrate diet." Metabolism 43.12 (1994): 1481-1487.
• Schwingshackl, Lukas, and Georg Hoffmann. "Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Nutrition journal 12.1 (2013): 48.
• Wycherley, Thomas P., et al. "Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." The American journal of clinical nutrition (2012): ajcn-044321.
• Xu, Jing, et al. "Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice." Diabetes 58.1 (2009): 250-259.